Notes

• Steven L. Nock. 2005. "Marriage as a Public Issue." The Future of Children15: 13-32.
  
  
• W. Bradford Wilcox et al. 2005. Why Marriage Matters, Second Edition: Twenty-Six Conclusions from the Social Sciences. New York: Institute for American Values. Lorraine Blackman, Obie Clayton, Norval Glenn, Linda Malone-Colon, and Alex Roberts. 2005. The Consequences of Marriage for African Americans: A Comprehensive Literature Review. New York: Institute for American Values.
  
  
• David Popenoe. 1988. Disturbing the Nest: Family Change and Decline in Modern Societies. Aldine de Gruyter. Alan Wolfe. 1989. Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  
  
• http://www.law2.byu.edu/marriage_family/Charles%20Reid.pdf. W. Bradford Wilcox and Steven L. Nock. 2006. "What's Love Got to Do with It? Ideology, Equity, Gender, and Women's Marital Happiness." Social Forces 84: 1321-1345. Vaughn R.A. Call and Tim B. Heaton. 1997. "Religious Influence on Marital Stability." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36: 382-392.
  
  
• W. Bradford Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Kristin Anderson Moore, Susan M. Jekielek, and Carol Emig, 2002. "Marriage from a Child's Perspective: How Does Family Structure Affect Children, and What Can be Done about It?" Research Brief, June 2002. Washington, DC: Child Trends. p. 6.
  
  
• For summaries from Brookings and Princeton, see Sara McLanahan, Elisabeth Donahue, and Ron Haskins. 2005. "Introducing the Issue." The Future of Children 15: 3-12. For the Center for Law and Social Policy's statement, see Mary Parke. 2003. Are Married Parents Really Better for Children? Washington, DC: Center for Law and Social Policy. For the Institute for American Values' statement, see Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Elizabeth Marquardt. 2005a. Family Structure and Children's Educational Outcomes. New York: Institute for American Values.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Sara McLanahan and Gary Sandefur. 1994. Growing Up with a Single Parent. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005. Elizabeth Marquardt. 2005b. Between Two Worlds: The Inner Lives of Children of Divorce. New York: Crown.
  
  
• Gunilla Ringback Weitoft, Anders Hjern, Bengt Haglund, and Mans Rosen. 2003. "Mortality, Severe Morbidity, and Injury in Children Living with Single Parents in Sweden: A Population-Based Study." The Lancet 361: 289-295.
  
  
• Sara McLanahan. 1997. "Parent Absence or Poverty: Which Matters More?" In G. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn, Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York: Russell Sage.
  
  
• Kyle Pruett. 2000. Fatherneed. New York: Broadway. P. 207. See also Marquardt. 2005b and David Popenoe. 1996. Life Without Father. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  
  
• Pruett. 2000. Pp. 204-208.
  
  
• Bruce Ellis. 2002. "Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: An Integrated Life History Approach." Psychology Bulletin 130: 920-958.
  
  
• McLanahan and Sandefur. 1994. Bruce Ellis et al. 2003. "Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?" Child Development 74: 801-821.
  
  
• Ellis et al. 2003.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Marquardt. 2005a. Paul Amato. 2005. "The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation." The Future of Children 15: 75-96.
  
  
• Cynthia Harper and Sara McLanahan. 2004. "Father Absence and Youth Incarceration." Journal of Research on Adolescence 14: 369-397.
  
  
• Harper and McLanahan. 2004.
  
  
• Brian D'Onofrio et al. 2006. "A Genetically Informed Study of the Processes Underlying the Association between Parental Marital Instability and Offspring Adjustment." Developmental Psychology. Forthcoming. Brian D'Onofrio et al. 2005. "A Genetically Informed Study of Marital Instability and Its Association With Offspring Psychopathology." Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 114: 570-586.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005. McLanahan and Sandefur. 1994.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005. Popenoe. 1996.
  
  
• Sandra Hofferth and Kermyt Anderson. 2003. "Are All Dads Equal? Biology Versus Marriage as a Basis for Paternal Involvement." Journal of Marriage and Family 65: 213-232. Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Ross Parke. 1996. Fatherhood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.101.
  
  
• Hofferth and Anderson. 2003.
  
  
• Valarie King and Holly Heard. 1999. "Nonresident Father Visitation, Parental Conflict, and Mother's Satisfaction: What's Best for Child Well-Being?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 61: 385-396. Elaine Sorenson and Chava Zibman. 2000. To What Extent Do Children Benefit from Child Support? Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
  
  
• Paul Amato. 1998. "More Than Money? Men's Contributions to Their Children's Lives." In Alan Booth and A.C. Crouter, (Eds.), Men in Families: When Do They Get Involved? What Difference Does It Make? Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Belsky, J., Youngblade L., Rovine, M., & Volling, B. 1991. Patterns of Marital Change and Parent-Child Interaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family 53: 487-498. Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Eleanor Maccoby. 1998. The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together. Cambridge: Harvard University.
  
  
• David Geary. 1998. Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. P. 104.
  
  
• Wade Horn and Tom Sylvester. 2002. Father Facts. Gaithersburg, MD: National Fatherhood Initiative. P. 153. Popenoe. 1996. P. 145. Thomas G. Powers et al.1994. "Compliance and Self-Assertion: Young Children's Responses to Mothers Versus Fathers." Developmental Psychology 30: 980-989.
  
  
• Pruett. 2000. Pp. 30-31. Popenoe. 1996. Pp. 144-145.
  
  
• Geary. 1998. P. 142.
  
  
• Anne Case et al. 2000. "How Hungry is the Selfish Gene?" Economic Journal 110: 781-804. Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Bruce Ellis. 2002. "Of Fathers and Pheromones: Implications of Cohabitation for Daughters' Pubertal Timing." In A. Booth and A. Crouter (eds.) Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families, Children, and Social Policy. Mahwah, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  
  
• McLanahan and Sandefur. 1994. p. 38, (emphasis supplied).
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Michelle J. Budig and Paula England. 2001. "The Wage Penalty for Motherhood." American Sociological Review 66: 204-225.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Waite and Gallagher. 2000.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005. Daniel N. Hawkins and Alan Booth. 2005. "Unhappily Ever After: Effects of Long-Term Low-Quality Marriages on Well-Being." Social Forces 84: 451-472.
  
  
• George Akerlof et al. Nock. 1998. Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher. 2000. The Case for Marriage. New York: Doubleday.
  
  
• Nock. 1998.
  
  
• Waite and Gallagher. 2000.
  
  
• Nock. 1998.
  
  
• Nock. 1998.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• James Dabbs. 2000. Heroes, Rogues, and Lovers: Testosterone and Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  
  
• Waite and Gallagher. 2000. p. 152.
  
  
• Waite and Gallagher. P. 155.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Wilcox and Nock. 2006.
  
  
• Ibid. Paul Amato and Stacy Rogers. 1999. "Do Attitudes Toward Divorce Affect Marital Quality?" Journal of Family Issues 20: 69-86.
  
  
• Scott Stanley et al. 2004. "Maybe I do: Interpersonal commitment and premarital or nonmarital cohabitation." Journal of Family Issues 25: 496-519. Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Adam Thomas and Isabel Sawhill. 2005. "For Love and Money? The Impact of Family Structure on Family Income." The Future of Children 15: 57-74.
  
  
• Amato. 2005. p. 89.
  
  
• Charles Murray. 2005. "The Hallmark of the Underclass." Wall Street Journal Sept. 29: A18.
  
  
• http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/glance/tables/exptyptab.htm
  
  
• George A. Akerlof. 1998. "Men Without Children." The Economic Journal 108: 287-309.
  
  
• Robert J. Sampson. 1995. "Unemployment and Imbalanced Sex Ratios: Race Specific Consequences for Family Structure and Crime." In M.B. Tucker and C. Mitchell-Kernan (eds.). The Decline in Marriage among African Americans. New York: Russell Sage. P. 249.
  
  
• Isabel V. Sawhill. 1999. "Families at Risk." In H. Aaron and R. Reischauer, Setting National Priopities: the 2000 Election and Beyond. Washington: Brookings Institution.
  
  
• David Schramm. 2003. Preliminary Estimates of the Economic Consequences of Divorce. Utah State University.
  
  
• For family trends, see Timothy M. Smeeding, Daniel P. Moynihan, and Lee Rainwater. 2004. "The Challenge of Family System Changes for Research and Policy." In D.P. Moynihan, T. M. Smeding, and L. Rainwater (eds.), The Future of the Family. New York: Russell Sage. For information on state spending around the globe, see http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/.
  
  
• Popenoe. 1988. Wolfe. 1989.
  
  
• Paul Amato and Alan Booth. 1997. A Generation at Risk. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005. Marquardt. 2005b. Between Two Worlds.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005. Sara McLanahan and Gary Qandefur. 1994. Erowing Up With a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  
  
• Ibid.
  
  
• Norval Glenn. 1996. "Values, Attitudes, and the State of American Marriages." In Promises to Keep, edited by D. Popenoe, J. Elshtain, and D. Blankenhorn. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Frank Furstenberg. 2001. "The Fading Dream: Prospects for Marriage in the Inner City." In Problem of the Century, edited by E. Anderson and D. Massey. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• David Popenoe and Barbara Dafoe Whitehead. 2005. The State of Our Unions. New Brunswick, NJ: National Marriage Project.
  
  
• Timothy M. Smeeding, Daniel P. Moynihan, and Lee Rainwater. 2004. "The Challenge of Family System Changes for Research and Policy." In The Future of the Family, edited by D. Moynihan, T. Smeeding, and L. Rainwater . New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Popenoe and Whitehead. 2005. Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Daniel Lichter. Daniel T. Lichter, Deborah Roempke Graefe, and J. Brian Brown. 2003. "Is Marriage a Panacea? Union Formation Among Economically Disadvantaged Unwed Mothers," Social Problems 50: 60-86. Daniel T. Lichter, Christie D. Batson, and J. Brian Brown. 2004. "Welfare Reform and Marriage Promotion: The Marital Expectations and Desires of Single and Cohabiting Mothers." Social Service Review 38: 2-25. Lawrence L. Wu and Barbara Wolfe. 2001. Out of Wedlock: Causes and Consequences of Nonmarital Fertility. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  
  
• Steven L. Nock. 1998. "The Consequences of Premarital Fatherhood," American Sociological Review, 63: 250-263.
  
  
• Popenoe and Whitehead. 2005.
  
  
• Larry Bumpass and Hsien-Hen Lu. 2000. "Trends in Cohabitation and Implications for Children's Family Contexts in the U.S.," Population Studies 54: 29-41.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• David Popenoe and Barbara Dafoe Whitehead. 2002. Should We Live Together? What Young Adults Need to Know About Cohabitation Before Marriage: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research. New Brunswick, NJ: National Marriage Project.
  
  
• Popenoe and Whitehead. 2002. Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Wilcox et al. 2005.
  
  
• Patricia G. Schnitzer and Bernard G. Ewigman. 2005. "Child Deaths Resulting from Inflicted Injuries: Household Risk Factors and Perpetrator Characteristics." Pediatrics 116: 687-693.
  
  
• Wendy Manning, Pamela Smock, Debarum Majumdar. 2004. "The Relative Stability of Cohabiting and Marital Unions for Children." Population Research and Policy Review 23: 135-159.103 Steven Nock. 2001. Affidavit to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice regarding Halpern et al. v. Canada. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Sociology Department. William Meezan and Jonathan Rauch. 2005. "Gay Marriage, Same-Sex Parenting, and America's Children." Future of Children 15: 97-115.
  
  
• Steven Nock. 2001. Affidavit to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice regarding Halpern et al. v. Canada. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Sociology Department. William Meezan and Jonathan Rauch. 2005. "Gay Marriage, Same-Sex Parenting, and America's Children." Future of Children 15: 97-115.
  
  
• Esther Rothblum and Sondra Solomon. 2003. Civil Unions in the State of Vermont: A Report on the First Year. University of Vermont Department of Psychology. David McWhirter and Andrew Mattison. 1984. The Male Couple. Prentice Hall. Andrew Sullivan. 1995. Virtually Normal. New York: Knopf, first edition.
  
  
• Judith Stacey. 1998. "Gay and Lesbian Families: Queer Like Us." In All Our Families: New Policies for a New Century, edited by M.A. Mason, A. Skolnick, and S.D. Sugarman. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 117, 128-129.
  
  
• Council of Europe. 2004. Recent Demographic Developments in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. Daniel P. Moynihan, Timothy M. Smeeding, and Lee Rainwater. 2004. The Future of the Family. New York: Russell Sage Press.
  
  
• Council of Europe. 2004. http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/050712/d050712a.htm. http://www.census.gov/population/projections/MethTab1.xls.
  
  
• Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986) 162.
  
  
• http://www.americanvalues.org/pdfs/marriagemovement.pdf
  
  
• Adam Carasso and C. Eugene Steuerle. 2005. "The Hefty Penalty on Marriage Facing Many Households with Children." Future of Children 15: 157-175.
  
  
• Sara McLanahan, Elisabeth Donahue, and Ron Haskins. 2005. "Introducing the Issue." The Future of Children 15: 3-12.